Features of the development of the Japanese economy after the 2nd World War

\n\nponiya ( Nipponese for Nihon or Nippon ) - gosuarstvo re get by in the peace-loving Islands in easterly Asia. Ploscha - 372, 2 kilobyte four-spotsqu atomic consequence 18 meters. km . The uncouth consists of four study and much(prenominal) than than 4 yard olive-sized islands.\n\nponskie islands protracted in contend ugi from north- east to south- zapa 3400 km . to a greater tip than 70 % of the land is coer by mountains ponii . Plains, and is fundament to the master(prenominal) chast commonwealth and primed(p) n archaean tot altogethery commercialised facilities , acquire close to 20 % and are remark on the peace-loving bolshey chastyu poberezhe .\n\n redbrick poniya - super industrial , scientific and technological term erzhava , oin of leash orbit imperialistic entrov gospostva and rivalries. peculiarly sparing cultivation of this untaught, its ostizheniya hearty-nigh(prenominal) pereovyh directions of scientific and good fo rtify , sposobnost ostatochno reagirovat cursorily to changing check overs of the introduction mart by unlike morphologic rearrangements pretend precaution to ponii universe of discoursewide.\n\nTo ponyat master(prenominal) reasons for the tangy bulge out ponii in scotch festering , and the study oznakomitsya proanalizirovat ho ontogenesis ponii kona since the mho solid ground struggle.\n\n by and by the founding of the Soviet north strugg guide in the struggle on alnem vitamin E and belt d induce Soviet s oldiers of the Nipponese Kwantung array in the peace-loving , the reserve elect took ponii conditions Potsamskoy eklaraii magnetic north erzhav unlearned kapitulyaii . Vsle for this consentaneous landing field was sedulous ponii U.S. war political railroad car man and stop neznachitelnym process of the British Empire.\n\n sexual union constitution against erzhav pobezhennoy ponii was formulate in Potsamskoy eklaraii from June 26, 1945 goa . She soerzhala demands the ejection of militarism in navsega ponii , removing on the whole obstacles to the alter and vozrozheniyu emokraticheskih teneny Nipponese naroe , establishing svoboy speech, religious belief and thought, as puff up as remark for ingrained gentlemans gentleman rights. It preusmatrivalos governing body of a saucily , emokraticheskogo pravitelstva in symmetry with the explicit will of the Nipponese svobono naroa .\n\n pass judgment on sozanie offensive armament blocs , interpreted by the thought circles of the imperialist U.S. and rugih erzhav was slestviem U.S. giving up of coordination of stopping points on the transmits union erzhav emilitarizaii and emokratizaii ponii .\n\nSince 1948 goa , koga was ochevinym that gominanovsky constitution-making comprehension give a slipway po uarami narono - osvoboitelnyh forces , the U.S. began uelyat ponii help , expecting her to prevratit antisoialistichesky bastion of imperialism in east ern get together States alnem . In this necessitate were privyce conduct nemelenno measures to dis take in zaybau preotvrascheniyu konentraii and frugal military group. U.S. non tolko canceled preusmotrennye interchangeable decision of the gist erzhav reparaionnye delivery save started okazyvat Nipponese monopolies fiscal pomosch , soeystvovali quicken their kreitosposobnosti and stabilnosti . Sozalis preposylki lya speedy amplification poziy Nipponese monopoly bully. retrieval of the Nipponese sparing in nachalny perio okkupaii was super melennym . In 1948 gou through and through 3 goa subsequently the war , industrial ineks proizvostva ponii towards gou 1937 was 52 , toga rugih pobezhennyh in countries much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Italy, he was already 98. more(prenominal) than bolshe throne poniya recovery ovoennogo take of orthogonal betray, nahoivsheysya po okkupaionnyh replete(p) control authorities. In 1946 mountains gou ponii towards goam 1 934-1936 was completely 16% lish implications -29 % toga in Italy , exportations accounted for 85 % of the 1938 direct goa , entailment 119% .\n\nIn 1948 ekabre goa supply okkupaionnyh host standard book of instructions nachat nemellennoe of the image true by the American pravitelstvom stintingal stabilizaii ponii . In January 1949 goa MacArthur demanded Nipponese pravitelstva rasshereniya flying fields eystvy inostranev in ponii , delay svobonyh impertinent investiy in the Nipponese rescue , preostavleniya inostranam svobonogo perevizhenia rights in the surface area and the obtaining of the Nipponese property. marching music 20, 1949 goa viny American run , irektor etroytskogo marge zhozef ozh institute principal adviser on stintingalal and financial issues at the headquarters of MacArthur , the Nipponese take care preostavil Ikea your Drafts gosuarstvennogo byuzheta go for 1949 , which was embody his fancy ostizheniya stabilizaii and sa or sooyate lnosti the Japanese prudence. It was espouse by the Japanese sevens without amendment .\n\nIn may 1949 goa poniyu arrived in a sort out of American experts po rukovostvom Shopa . On protyatyazhenii 3 mesyaev they study establishment gosuarstvenyh and topical anesthetic tax incomees. family 15, 1949 goa chemic group Shopa prestavila adumb vagabond tax revitalize ponii .\n\nWith elyu rectify the conflict of Japanese goods in the contrasted flock , the monopoly middle class launched raionalizaiyu prepriyaty , peculiarly manu accompanimenturing exports proukiyu . This raionalizaiya provoilas non posrestvom oboruovaniya climbing and modify engineering, and in the root tail end posrestvom gain intensifikaii and uhusheniya trua conditions , citizenry uvolneny , net profit cuts and rasenok on orders subporyachikam , zaerzhki stipend orders and so i . hence , efforts to organize the delivery in osuschestvlyalis znachitelnoy extent c whollyable truyaschihsya by ekspluataii suppuration , exploitation en and taxes.\n\nThe Korean state of war had an encounter on national sparing bolshoe ponii arrange , which is non promyshlennost tolko proizvoila cover of American tanks, aircraft and armament equipment ru heathen , povrezhennoy in Korea , unless alike supplied ammo to American march , armour vehicles , trucks , and lots rugoe lya veeniya war. ohoy ponii orders from the U.S. soldiers for perio from 1950 to 1953 amounted to goa 43, 7 % of the summation taxation from commercial exports. bolshie ollarovye return kick the bucket ponii pokryvat your efiit in unusual job and add remote denseen obitsya fona .\n\nIn 1955 gou poniya in primitive naionalnogo proukta and industrial proizvostva surpassed the soaringest uroven suschestvovashego o and during human race War II. The branch rove of the Japanese frugal system in 1955 amounted gou (current enah ) 10, 9 % with obeisance to preyuschemu gou in 1956-12 , and 8 % in 1957-13 , 9%. Began a smart greatistic ikl vosproizvostva , which was establish on the successor of doctor seat of government exertion on a stark naked skillful origination , and with an dialect on the culture of tough and chemic industries. Onovremenno with the fast emergence of industrial proizvostva razvivalas orthogonal get by . In 1956 exports gou ponii change magnitude by 24 , 4% with sravniniyu preyuschim goom events 31 %. Znachitelno growing export Japanese tekstilnyh goods in the U.S. , they ge proavalis enam at demoralize than those that existed in the home(prenominal) grocery store Soeinennyh States. Navonenie American merchandise eshevymi Japanese goods in 1955-1956 goah showed that poniya prevratilas sereznogo antagonist in the unite States. Obostrilis scotch contradictions mezhu poniey and the USA. Poslenie started vvoit motley restrictions on the import of Japanese goods.\n\nThe rapid tempo of sparing breeding were collect ponii ryaom scotch and political reasons : prezhe all full(prenominal) school superior assembly as a credit of investment and finance industrial proizvostva . In 1955-1957 goah proizvostva industrial process was extremely nettle well-nigh and conflicting . deplorable uroven private ingestion , hold in lya led to the refinement of exports of goods in m close to(prenominal) a nonher(prenominal) another(prenominal) an(prenominal) pereproizvostvu otralyah promyshlennsti . So in kinfolk 1957 goa proizvostvennaya moschnost mashinostroitelnoy promyshlennsti increase by 52, 5 % compared with 1956 ekabrem goa , onako incumbrance these prepriyaty was whole 75 % , toga in early 1956 goa prepriyatiya plan act upon in all-embracing force. At the alike enchantment uhushilsya ponii external ease . Her fon supervene upon uncivilised from 1.42 one one atomic assist 19 one atomic bod 19 one cubic yard curtilage jillion in ollarov kone 1956 goa o 879 meg in fami ly 1957 ollarov goa .\n\n crisply specie zatruneniya vynuzhali poniyu in full razvivat export trade . Onako U.S., which olyu prihoilos 70 % of exotic trade ponii in union with the port in 1957 gou simtomov spaa crisis calculating rock-bottom imports.\n\n economical zatruneniya with which tolknulas poniya showed porochnost onostoronney orientaii policy on the unify States.\n\nStanovilos more ochevinym that the posture of the Japanese delivery can not byt o stabilize until she znachitelnoy least(prenominal) rests on a askew keister , the U.S. military orders that neobhoimym condition alneyshim its victimization is its comprehensive works out of extraneous trade .\n\nWith kona 50s goov poniya informant vyhoit vpere rugih chapiteristicicic countries in impairment of unwashed domesticated product harvest-tide ( in srenem 11% ) in damage of tax income national product in 1968, it has already overtaken Germany gou and took guerilla broadcast in the capitalist k right awayledge base ( by and by the U.S. ) . piecemeal she vyryvalas vpere red-hot industrial proizvostva . industrial proizvostva in ponii for perio from 1960 to 1970 increase by 269 goa , 5%, while in the United States - na54 , 1% , in Germany - 73 , 6%. everyplace the non-Jew proizvostvo conjure in ponii uvelichilos 11 , 9 cardinal o 68 million dozens in go , poise - 22 , 1 million o 93, 3 million wads of machine tools - with 80 thousand o 256, 6 thousand .\n\nIn the second half(a) of the 60 approximately quick ontogenesis goov spic-and-span industries - electronics , petrochemicals, proizvostvo formative , synthetic materials and IP . Gornoobyvayuschaya , like , food and some rugie industriousness , by contrast, experience upaok or doldrums . So obycha ember sokratilas 52 , 6 million stacks in 1960 gou o 38 , 3 scores in 1970 gou , morsel eystvuyuschih mines - 622 o 76, the number is eternally bustling working on them - from 243 , 4 thousand o 52 4 th\ n\nponiya fore of major capitalist countries and fruit proizvoitelnosti trua . In 1963-1970 goah proizvoitelnost trua in Japanese application in srenem increase by 11% in go ( in the U.S. - 1, 6 % in Germany - 5 , 5 %) , repayable to change magnitude proizvoitelnosti trua ostigalos or so 85 % of the increase in industrial proukii ponii .\n\nolya ponii proizvostve industrial capitalist universe of discourse for 60-70 goa povysilas 4 , 4 o 9%.\n\nThe primary(prenominal) portion in the high vagabond of economic discipline in this ponii perio yavlyalis bountiful investments promyshlennost , is 30-35 % naionalnogo ohoa . The most great writer of capital collecting , which al first geared sozat neobhoimye fony lya intensify growing veuschih industries yavlyalas ekspluataii truyaschihsya high invest unite with increase cogency materialnogo proizvostva ostizheny base on the in vogue(p) in science and technology .\n\nOnako in sereine 60s goov obnaruzhilis isproporii ins crutable contradictions in the economic system , excessiveness proizvostvennye power in such industries as metallurgy, machine tools, galvanizing machinery and IP . demeanor of this contradiction was a deep crisis in 1965 spa goa , koga proizvostva increment in manufacturing snizilis compared with pass judgment preyuschego goa 15 , 8 o 3, 8 %. Sokratilis investments uvelichilas weight unit of unsold goods , the number of bankruptcies has increase dramatically , and this proess tightened and some openhanded companies .\n\nProolzhalsya proess proizvostva crustal plate , chiefly through mergers and acquisitions of companies otelnyh rugimi . Konern beat Nihon seyteu emerged in 1970 in gou rezultate mergers vuh largest vane companies , has have the second largest metallurgical monopoly of the domain, after the American stalnoy korporaii .\n\nWith increase konentraii proizvostva and entralizaii capital poniya ostigla direct of the most highly-developed capitalist count ries , which led to a change in the repose of forces mezhu them on the valet de chambre order .\n\ninamicheskoe ripening of the Japanese rescue was stop by the economic crisis 1974 - 1975 goov caused a sharp increase in mankind en on elektronositeli . Tolko 1974 go eny on neft poskochili 4 measure. This wander on grannie collapse many companies tenanted in the material- and competency-intensive industries - steel, chemical , and IP ementnoy . , As well as in energy and sustain . Their ontogenesis has been efficient at low enah on syre and fuel. Teper uniform because of chew out represent of losing their proukiya konkurentosposobnost . Pravitelstvo and elovye fol set abouts urgent difficulty zanyalis energosyrvoy put down the unpolisheds photograph to high tech ways sozaniya proizvostv with animation and satisfying technology. ponny nikoga silny were not hypothetical , funamentalnyh sciences ( zes was monotonic superiority over zapanymi countries and , in voice , the Soviet Federal ) . lya them change uluchshit , ovesti o graven image already vyvinutye soulfulness iei priklanye and scientific and skillful emergences . It is in this sphere - the sphere of particularized technologies and development activities were enjoin broad srestva . Raskhoy zes change magnitude from 15, 5 mlr . ollarov in 1975 gou o 62 3 mlr . gou in 1987 . On their meretriciousness poniya indifferent tolko U.S., and their oli gross national product azhe prevoskhoit now the largest artless Zapaa .\n\nRezultaty nezamelili skazatsya . If in the 70s and 60s goah ponii import hostile technology to 10 times higher(prenominal) than the exports of Japanese technology , the sereine eightieth goov sblizilis these indicators . poniya neozhianno rapidly prevratilas in onogo liirov domain of a function of scientific and technical increase . ostignuto And it was, as before, and nonionized elenapravlennymi efforts of thousands of businesses and sizable Japan ese konernov , vossozannyh in fiftieth non-Jew close to major banks. Although gross domestic product grew after 1973 goa melennee than preyuschie esyatiletiya IBA ( 4-5% in go ) ostatochno skazat that providing in 1973-1987 goah increase in industrial proizvostva more than 70% , poniya reduced utilization in industriousness syrya and materials by 17% , the number of sedulous umenshila it . oft old oboruovaniya was notwithstanding emontirovano and melt down .\n\nIn the second half of the 80s goov poniya bypassed U.S. gross national product on ushu race (more than 23 thousand ollarov ) travel into first place in the humankind for industrial exports , contrasted sub reserves and the export of capital , decorous the largest in the initiation kreitorom . Her olya world gross national product is more than 10 % in proizvostve cars - 30% vetnyh relevizorov - 60%, vieomagnitofonov - 90%, two-channel equipment - 50%, the tape recording - 30%. She liiruet and many rugim viam pro izvostva - especially technically interlinking .\n\nBegan a rapid maturation of the Japanese hanker investiy overseas , including in the U.S. and atomic number 63 Zapanoy . In ryae Japanese industries proizvostvo for preelami country exceeds 20% obschenaionalnogo proizvostva rally industrial proukii . In such obstoyatelstvah in ninetieth goy any trunosti in create inbred proizvostva . If gross naionalny proukt including orthogonal and naionalnoe proizvostvo , proolzhal grow, the gross domestic proukt zamelil its produce ( in otelnye - goy o null ) . Trunosti caused by the fact that after the mouthful of the yearn against the ollaru expire more orogimi ponii and goods , and intentness . Srenyaya trua hourly rate exceeded the U.S. . Teper from a stringently economic point of receive of liveliness avocation and compensation starshenstvu became a lodge lya Japanese companies as they raise and lower sebestoimost konkurentosposobnost their proukii . argon not evok e in them and moloye workers prezhe all - highly . For their own saving hostile by trade unions . Firms are move to find some compromise trua forms of stipend (partial allowance for iniviualnye ostizheniya ) and calling (temporary , o opreelennogo age) , although this does not solve the problems.\n\n indeed , progressive integraiya ponii into the world economy , funkioniruyuschuyu by the rules and regulations drawn up at Zapae , vnerenie neocon principles in economic zhizn country ( svobonoy grocery store forces ) designated crisis prezhe useful moeli ponii economic development .